Etymology
The word "Indonesia" is derived from the ancient Greek word that is Indos meaning "Indian" and nesos which means "island" So, said Indonesia means the territory of the Indian islands, or archipelago located in the Indian, which indicates that the name is formed long before Indonesia becomes sovereign state. In 1850, George Earl, a British ethnologist, originally proposed the term Indunesia and Malayunesia for residents "Indian Archipelago or the Malay Archipelago". Pupils from Earl, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym of the word India Islands. However, Dutch academics writing in the media Indies did not use the word Indonesia, but the terms Malay Archipelago (Maleische Archipel); Dutch East Indies (Nederlandsch Oost Indië), or Indies (Indië); East (de Oost); and even Insulinde (this term was introduced in 1860 in the novel Max Havelaar (1859), written by Multatuli, the critique of colonialism Netherlands).
Since 1900, the name Indonesia became more common in academic circles outside the Netherlands, and Indonesian nationalist groups adopted for the expression politik.Adolf Bastian of the University of Berlin to popularize this name through the Rodel book oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipels, 1884-1894. Indonesian students first use is Suwardi Suryaningrat (Ki Hajar Dewantara), when he established a news agency in the Netherlands with the name Indonesisch Pers Bureau in 1913.
History
Early History
Fossilized remains of Homo erectus, which by anthropologists also dubbed "Java Man", led to speculation that the Indonesian archipelago was inhabited two million to 500,000 years ago. Austronesian people, who form the majority of the modern population, migrated to South East Asia from Taiwan. They arrived around 2000 BC, and caused Melanesians who have been there earlier there pushed to the remote areas in eastern islands. Conditions ideal place for agriculture, and control of rice cultivation since at least the 8th century BC, causing many villages, towns, and small kingdoms grow well in the first century AD. Moreover, Indonesia is located in the international sea trade lanes and between islands, has become a shipping line between India and China for centuries. History of Indonesia subsequently experienced a lot of influence from such trading activities.
Since the 1st century Indonesian trading ship has sailed away, even to Africa. A part of the ship relief at Borobudur temple, k. 800 M.
Under the influence of Hinduism and Buddhism, several kingdoms formed on the islands of Borneo, Sumatra, and Java since the 4th century until the 14th century. Kutai, is the oldest kingdom in the archipelago that stands in the 4th century in the upper reaches of the Mahakam River in East Kalimantan. In the western region of the island of Java, in the 4th century until the 7th century AD stand Tarumanegara kingdom. Tarumanagara government followed by the Kingdom of Sunda from the year 669 AD to 1579 AD In the 7th century Malay kingdoms appear centered in Jambi, Sumatra. Sriwijaya beat Malay and emerged as the most powerful maritime kingdom in the archipelago. He ruled over Sumatra, Java, the Malay peninsula, while controlling the trade in the Strait of Malacca, Sunda Strait and the South China Sea. Under the influence of Srivijaya, between the 8th century and the 10th dynasty and Sanjaya dynasty succeeded in developing agriculture-based kingdoms in Java, with its historic relics such as Borobudur and Prambanan temples. At the end of the 13th century, Majapahit stood in the eastern part of the island of Java. Under the leadership of mahapatih Gajah Mada, its influence stretched over much of Indonesia is now; and is often called the "Golden Age" in Indonesian history.
The arrival of Arab traders and the Persian through Gujarat, India, and then brought Islam. Besides Chinese sailors led by Admiral Cheng Ho (Zheng He) Muslim, also never stop in this region in the early 15th century. The merchants also spread Islam in some parts of the archipelago. Samudera Pasai which was founded in 1267, is the first Islamic kingdom in Indonesia.
Colonialism
Indonesia map ranged in 1674-1745 by a geographer Çelebi Katip Ottoman origin.
Indonesia is also a country that was colonized by many European countries as well as Asia, is due to Indonesia since ancient times is a country rich in abundant natural results, to make European countries are tempted to colonize and control of its natural resources intended to income for the country, Countries that once colonized them is;
Portuguese in 1509, only Maluku, then were driven in in 1595
Spain in 1521, only North Sulawesi, but were repulsed in 1692.
The Netherlands in 1602, the entire territory of Indonesia.
French indirect control of Java in the period 1806-1811 for the Kingdom of the Netherlands subject to the power of the French. When Louis Bonaparte the sister of Napoleon Bonaparte to the throne the Netherlands in 1806, it will automatically fall into the hands of the Dutch colony of France. This period lasts at the Governor General Herman Willem Daendels in 1808-1811. Ended in 1811 when England beat the power of the Dutch-French island of Java.
England in 1811, since the signing of the capitulation Tungtang one of which contains the delivery of Java from the Netherlands to England, In 1814 it was performed in the London Convention which the Dutch government in power back on British colonies in Indonesia. Then new in 1816, the British government in Indonesia is officially over .
Japan in 1942, only 3.5 years, and ended in 1945, since the defeat of Japan to the allies.
When the Europeans came in the early 16th century, they found several kingdoms that they can easily be mastered in order to dominate the spice trade. Portuguese first landed at the two ports, namely the Kingdom of Banten and Sunda Sunda Kelapa, but can be expelled and move eastward and control of Maluku. In the 17th century, the Dutch emerged as the strongest among the other European countries, defeating Great Britain and Portugal (except for their colony of Portuguese Timor). At the time that the Christian religion entered Indonesia as one of the old imperialism mission, known as 3G, namely Gold, Glory, and Gospel. Dutch ruled Indonesia as a colony until World War II, initially through the VOC, and then directly by the Dutch government since the beginning of the 19th century.
Johannes van den Bosch, the originator Cultuurstelsel.
Under Cultuurstelsel system (System Investment) in the 19th century, large plantations and forced cultivation implemented in Java, ultimately resulted in benefits for the Netherlands which can not be produced VOCs. At the time of colonial rule freer after 1870, the system is removed. After 1901 the Dutch introduced the Ethical Policy, which includes a limited political reform and greater investment in the Dutch East Indies.
During World War II, when the Dutch colonized by Germany, Japan seized Indonesia. After getting Indonesia in 1942, Japan saw that Indonesian fighters trading partners are cooperative and willing to deploy troops when needed. Sukarno, Mohammad Hatta, KH. Mas Mansur, and Ki Hajar Dewantara awarded by the Emperor of Japan in 1943.
Indonesian independence
Sukarno, Indonesia's first president.
In March 1945 Japan formed a committee for Indonesian independence. After the Pacific war ended in 1945, under pressure from youth organizations, Soekarno-Hatta proclaimed Indonesian independence on August 17, 1945 which at that time was the month of Ramadan. After independence, the three founding fathers Sukarno, Mohammad Hatta and Sutan Sjahrir each served as president, vice president and prime minister. In an effort to regain control of Indonesia, the Netherlands sent their troops.
The proclamation of Indonesian independence on August 17, 1945.
Attempts to quell bloody independence movement came to be known by the Dutch as a 'police action' (Politionele Actie), otherwise known by the Indonesian people as military aggression. The Netherlands finally accepted the right of Indonesia to independence on December 27, 1949 as a federal state called the Republic of Indonesia States after receiving strong pressure from the international community, especially the United States. Mosi Integral Natsir on August 17, 1950, calling for the return of the unitary Republic of Indonesia and the United States of Indonesia disband. Soekarno again became president with Mohammad Hatta as vice president and prime minister Mohammad Natsir.
In the 1950s and 1960s, Sukarno government began to follow once pioneering the non-aligned movement at first, then became closer with the socialist bloc, for example, the People's Republic of China and Yugoslavia. The 1960s witnessed the military confrontation against neighboring Malaysia ("Confrontation"), and dissatisfaction with the growing economic difficulties. Subsequently in 1965 erupted G30S incident that caused the death of six generals and a number of other middle-ranking officers. A new power emerged that calls itself the New Order who immediately accused the Communist Party of Indonesia as the brains behind this incident and intend to overthrow the legitimate government, and replace the national ideology be based on socialist-communist. This charge as well as a reason to replace the old rule under President Sukarno.
Hatta, Sukarno, and Sjahrir, the three founders of Indonesia.
General Suharto became president in 1967 on the pretext of securing the country from the threat of communism. While the physical condition weakened Sukarno himself. After Suharto's rule, hundreds of thousands of Indonesian citizens suspected of involvement communist party were killed, while there are many more Indonesian citizens who were abroad, do not dare to return to their homeland, and finally revoked his citizenship. Thirty-two years of Soeharto's New Order called, while the reign of Sukarno called Old Order.
Suharto implementing neoliberal economic and managed to bring in huge foreign investment to enter Indonesia and generate substantial economic growth, although uneven. At the beginning of the New Order regime Indonesia both economic policy drawn up by a group of economists graduated from the Department of Economics, University of California, Berkeley, who was called "Berkeley Mafia". However, Suharto and his family enriched by corruption, collusion, and nepotism is widespread and he was eventually forced to step down after massive demonstrations and the worsening economic conditions of the country in 1998.
From 1998 to 2001, Indonesia has three presidents: Bacharuddin Joseph (BJ) Habibie, Abdurrahman Wahid and Megawati Sukarnoputri. In 2004, the biggest one-day election in the world was held and won by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
Indonesia is experiencing economic problems, political and religious nuances conflict in the country, and some areas are trying to gain independence, particularly Papua. East Timor finally officially broke away in 1999 after 24 years together with Indonesia and 3 years under UN administration, East Timor became the country.
At the December 2004 and March 2005, Aceh and Nias was hit by two major earthquakes in total killed hundreds of thousands of lives. (See the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and the Sumatra earthquake of March 2005.) This incident was followed by the Yogyakarta earthquake and tsunami that hit Pangandaran Beach and its surroundings, as well as mud flood in Sidoarjo in 2006 are not being solved.
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